Bash - Bourne Again Shell

Bash is the free and enhanced version of the Bourne shell distributed with Linux and GNU operating systems. Bash is similar to the original, but has added features such as command-line editing. It is a command language that allows the user to work with files on computers in a way that’s far more efficient and powerful than using a GUI (graphical user interface).

Bash, though typically not capitalized, is an acronym for "Bourne-Again Shell" and is named after Stephen Bourne, the creator of the Unix shell "sh." Bash is a shell program written by Brian Fox as an upgraded version of Bourne Shell program 'sh'. It is an open-source GNU project.

In computing, a shell program provides access to an operating system's components. The shell gives users (or other programs) a way to get "inside" the system; the shell defines the boundary between inside and outside.

Bash is a legitimate interface to the computer, and it's not just for server admins and programmers. It can be desktop, word processor, graphics editing application, and much, much more.

Bash, like other CLIs (Command-line interface), is used for any computer application that requires precision when working with files and data, especially where large numbers of files or large quantities of data need to be searched, sorted, manipulated or processed in any way.

Bash supports all the commands of the original Bourne shell (sh), as well as many others. It also includes features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell (csh), such as command line editing, command substitution syntax, and command history.

Bash is the default login shell for most Linux distributions and Apple's mac OS. It is also accessible for Windows 10 with a version and default user shell in Solaris 11.

Bash/shell (i.e. the family of Linux command language interpreters) is the sixth most used language overall, ranking ahead of Python and R.
Bash - Bourne Again Shell

Ruby Programming Language

Ruby Programming Language was developed in 1995 by Yukihiro “Matz” Matsumoto, a Japanese computer scientist and software programmer. Ruby is a pure object-oriented programming language.

Ruby is a pure object-oriented programming language. It is a dynamic open-source language that has a great community behind it. Since its public release in 1995, Ruby has drawn devoted coders worldwide. In 2006, Ruby achieved mass acceptance. With active user groups formed in the world’s major cities and Ruby-related conferences filled to capacity.

It’s a general use language that’s popular in the industry. Apple, GitHub, Twitter, Hulu, ZenDesk, and Urban Dictionary are websites developed with Ruby, demonstrating its versatility. The Ruby programming language is a highly portable general-purpose language that serves many purposes.

Different from Python which is mainly used for academic, AI, machine learning, and scientific programming, Ruby is used for web development and is useful for other programming projects. Ruby is widely used for building servers and data processing, web scraping, and crawling.

The leading framework used to run Ruby is Ruby on Rails, although that’s not the only one. Ruby on Rails is the application framework that thrust Ruby into the spotlight, boosted its popularity, and made it a great language for the cloud. Ruby on Rails was released in 2004 and made the language much easier to use.

Ruby is ranked among the top 10 on most of the indices that measure the growth and popularity of programming languages worldwide. Much of the growth is attributed to the popularity of software written in Ruby, particularly the Ruby on Rails web framework.

Ruby’s syntax is similar to English, so many English speakers find it easy to learn and use. The program itself is free, and it’s open-source, with users sharing improvements and ideas for how to use it.
Ruby Programming Language

Fortran programming language

Fortran is a programming language often used by the scientific community. Fortran is an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, and was originally capitalized as FORTRAN.

Fortran belongs to a class of higher-level programming languages in which the programs are not written directly in the machine code but instead in an artificial, human-readable language. This source code consists of algorithms built using a set of standard constructions, each consisting of a series of commands which define the elementary operations with your data.

Fortran is one of the earliest programming languages and was designed specifically for solving scientific and engineering computational problems. The work on Fortran started in the 1950's at IBM and there have been many versions since. By convention, a Fortran version is denoted by the last two digits of the year the standard was proposed. Therefore, we have Fortran 66, Fortran 77 and Fortran 90 (95).

For the past 50 years Fortran has been used for such projects as the design of bridges and aeroplane structures, it is used for factory automation control, for storm drainage design, analysis of scientific data and so on. Throughout the life of this language, groups of users have written libraries of useful standard Fortran programs.
Fortran programming language

Computer programming

Computers can do such a wide variety of things because they can be programmed. This means that computers are not designed to do just one job, but to do any job that their programs tell them to do. A program is a set of instructions written in a language (such as BASIC) understandable by the computer to perform a particular function on the computer.

Programs are commonly referred to as software. Software is essential to a computer because it controls everything the computer does. A well written program could be parceled well to form an application package customized for solving specific type of problem on the computer system.

Today computer programs are being used in almost every field, household, agriculture, medical, entertainment, defense, communication, etc.

Microsoft Word is a word processing program that allows you to create, edit, and print documents with the computer. Adobe Photoshop is an image editing program that allows the user to work with graphic images, such as photos taken with his digital camera.

A computer programmer is computer scientist (a professional) skilled in using constructs of programming languages to develop executable and acceptable computer programs. A computer program, also known as an application, or computer software, is a collection of instructions, or “code,” written by one or more programmers and then executed on computers. A software developer is a programmer. Programmers often work hand in hand with system analysts on large projects.

Computer programming is the act of writing computer programs, which are a sequence of instructions written using a Computer Programming Language to perform a specified task by the computer.
Computer programming